Predictive modes of action of pesticides in uterine adenocarcinoma development in rats

Endometrial adenocarcinoma in the uterine corpus is a malignant cancer that occurs in menopausal women and aged rodents. Because of the similarities in pathogenesis and morphology of endometrial adenocarcinoma in rodents and humans, prediction of the modes of action (MOA) in uterine carcinogenesis is important for extrapolation of rodent data to humans. Three MOAs have been accepted as major pathways for uterine carcinogenesis in rodents: 1) estrogenic activity, 2) increased serum 17beta-estradiiol (E2) to progesterone (P4) ratio and 3) modulation of estrogen metabolism to produce 4-hydroxyestradiol via P450 induction. Inhibition of estrogen excretion and increased aromatase in situ in the tumor are also a potential pathway. Here, chemicals showing uterine carcinogenicity were chosen from approximately 300 pesticides evaluated in Japan within the past decade, and their mechanisms were predicted using parameters from mechanistic and toxicity studies. Seven pesticides increased uterine tumor formation in rats, and the pathways of 4 pesticides could be predicted based on various mechanistic studies. The MOAs of cyenopyrafen and benthiavalicarb-isopropyl were predicted to be modulation of estrogen metabolism, while those of pyriminobac-methyl and spirodiclofen were predicted to be increased E2 to P4 ratio. The driven pathways of metazosulfuron and isopyrazam could not be predicted using several mechanistic studies. No mechanistic studies have been reported for sedaxane, which has a chemical structure and toxicological profile similar to isopyrazam. Our results indicated that appropriate mechanistic studies are useful for mechanism prediction in risk assessment. From this analysis, a flowchart showing a decision tree for predictive MOAs in uterine carcinogenesis was proposed.     

引江济汉工程起始段面源污染现状及防治对策

指出了防治面源污染是保护水源地的重要措施。对引江济汉工程起始段面源污染现状进行了调查分析,结果表明:引江济汉工程运行后,农田面积减少了40%,其中部分农田改为蔬菜等经济作物用地;化肥使用总量下降了41.7%,农药的使用总量也呈相同趋势下降,但农用地的平均化肥、农药使用量未发生显著变化,工程前后基本持平;区内水渠、沟渠阻塞严重,配套基础水利设施匮乏,灌溉条件差,地表径流与灌溉用水任意流失,面源污染的潜在威胁大,急需采取有针对性的治理措施。有针对性地提出了面源污染防治对策建议。     

基于条件随机场的农作物病虫害及农药命名实体识别

互联网农技问答平台现仅依靠人工提供答题服务，响应速度慢，回答质量难以保证。实现智能农技问题解答，构建农技知识库，需要从现有问答数据提取“农作物-病虫害-农药”命名实体三元组。现有对农业中文命名实体识别的研究较少，且准确率较低。根据农作物、病虫害及农药命名实体的特点，针对农技问答数据，提出基于条件随机场的农作物、病虫害及农药命名实体的识别方法。对数据集进行格式整理及自动分词，并对分词后的语料，针对是否包含特定界定词、是否含特定偏旁部首、是否是数量词、是否是特定左右指界词及词性等特征进行自动标注。利用标注后的数据训练CRF模型，可以对语料进行分类，包括判断语料是否属于农作物、病虫害、农药3类命名实体并识别该语料在复合命名实体中的位置，从而实现了对3类命名实体的识别，由此可自动构建关联三元组。通过试验选择特征组合和调整上下文窗口大小，提高了本方法的识别准确度，降低了模型训练时间，对农作物、病虫害、农药命名实体识别的准确度分别达97.72%、87.63%、98.05%，比现有方法有显著提高。     

精准施药中叶面积指数探测研究

精准施药技术的研究以提高农药的利用率为目的,是精准施药的发展方向。果树叶面积指数能为精准施药提供重要参考依据,通过叶面积指数及生物量探测可以进行大面积果树的长势监测并计算其药量的需求,进而对作物进行指导性施药。为此,结合国内外研究现状阐述了各类叶面积指数探测技术和计算方法,分析了精准施药技术中靶标探测的方法及叶面积指数探测在精准施药中的应用,并对精准变量施药中叶面积指数探测方法进行了展望。     

6种大孔树脂对复方免疫增强剂多糖的吸附解吸性能

筛选出对中药复方免疫增强剂多糖具有较好的吸附解吸效果的大孔树脂。通过静态吸附及解吸试验、动态吸附及解吸试验，利用苯酚 硫酸法跟踪检测多糖质量浓度，以吸附率与解吸率为评价指标，初步研究AB 8、LSA 5B、DM 18、CAD 40、LX 1、D941型大孔树脂对中药复方免疫增强剂中多糖的吸附及解吸性能。结果表明，在6种大孔树脂中， AB 8对中药复方免疫增强剂多糖的动态吸附率和解吸率最高，分别为54%和90%。说明AB 8型大孔树脂可以作为分离纯化多糖的材料。     

河北省贯彻落实农药经营许可制度的实践与探索

农药经营环节是整个农药管理链条当中极其重要的一环,是连接农药生产与使用的桥梁和纽带。为更好地落实农药经营许可相关制度,便于操作,河北省制定了配套的规范性文件,并在工作实践中不断探索完善,进一步完善审查审批流程,以解决实际问题,有效推进了全省农药经营许可制度的落实。     

农田尾菜发酵过程中农药残留变化特征

基于尾菜中存在农药残留的现状,以设施农业尾菜黄瓜秧为研究对象,采用气相色谱法和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测了尾菜黄瓜秧在静态好氧发酵过程中多菌灵、吡虫啉、哒螨灵等50种农药残留的动态变化,并分析发酵重要影响因子堆高对农药残留消解的影响。结果表明:在尾菜黄瓜秧中共检测出腐霉利、多菌灵、嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、烯酰吗啉、虫螨腈、吡虫啉、啶虫脒和哒螨灵9种农药残留,其中多菌灵平均残留量最高,达11.2 mg/kg,其他8种农药平均残留量在0.042~0.89 mg/kg之间。在发酵的24 d中,不同堆高条件下9种农药的消解规律均符合一级反应动力学方程,但不同农药半衰期差异较大,其中吡虫啉的平均半衰期最长,为28.9 d,多菌灵的平均半衰期最短,为10.2 d;不同堆高处理中农药的消解速率也有差异,总体上在2.5 m堆高下各农药的消解率最高、半衰期最短。本研究结果可为尾菜发酵参数优化、农业废弃物的高效资源化利用以及研发基于尾菜发酵产物的有机蔬菜专用有机肥提供理论支撑。     

Challenges facing arthropod biological control: identifying traits for genetic improvement of predators in protected crops

Biological control is an efficient pest control method but there are still limitations that are hindering its wider adoption. Genetic improvement of biological control agents (BCAs) can help to overcome these constraints, but the choice of key attributes for better performance that need to be selected is still an open question. Several characteristics have been suggested but the harsh reality is that selective breeding of BCAs has received a lot of attention but resulted in very little progress. Identifying the appropriate traits to be prioritized may be the first step to reverse this situation. In our opinion, the best way is to look at the factors limiting the performance of key BCAs, especially generalist predators (pesticide compatibility, prey‐density dependence, non‐suitable crops, and extreme environmental conditions), and according to these challenges, to choose the attributes that would allow BCAs to overcome those limitations. The benefits of selection for higher resistance to toxins, whether artificially applied (pesticides) or plant produced (plant defenses); increased fitness when feeding on non‐prey food (supplemented or plant‐derived); and better adaptation to extreme temperature and humidity are discussed. In conclusion, genetic improvement of BCAs can bring about new opportunities to biocontrol industry and users to enhance biocontrol resilience. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry